{"id":232,"date":"2018-12-31T08:00:04","date_gmt":"2018-12-31T08:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/?p=232"},"modified":"2018-12-14T14:46:52","modified_gmt":"2018-12-14T14:46:52","slug":"linfosphere-evolution-ou-revolution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/linfosphere-evolution-ou-revolution\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019infosph\u00e8re, \u00e9volution ou r\u00e9volution ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Durant l\u2019automne 2018, les \u00e9tudiant-e-s en Master IS \u00e9laborent en petits groupes des s\u00e9minaires de 90 minutes, d\u00e9di\u00e9s \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes th\u00e9matiques en sciences de l\u2019information, pour les pr\u00e9senter \u00e0 leurs camarades, ainsi qu\u2019aux professeur-e-s (m\u00e9thode de la classe invers\u00e9e \/\u00a0flipped<\/i>\u00a0<\/i>classroom<\/i>). Le premier de ces s\u00e9minaires, le 19 octobre, avait pour titre \u00ab\u202fInformations \u2013 donn\u00e9es\u202f\u00bb \u2013 probablement le sujet le plus g\u00e9n\u00e9raliste que l\u2019on puisse imaginer dans le domaine… Alex, Am\u00e9lie et Matthieu en ont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9\u00a0diff\u00e9rents\u00a0aspects, allant de l\u2019\u00e9tymologie des mots jusqu\u2019aux moyens\u00a0pour \u00e9viter que nos appareils connect\u00e9s deviennent identifiables par une empreinte unique (\u00ab\u202fbrowser\u00a0<\/i>fingerprint<\/i>\u202f\u00bb), en passant par les futures comp\u00e9tences n\u00e9cessaires chez les professionnel-le-s ID.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Les s\u00e9minaires ont lieu dans l\u2019aula de la HEG<\/p>\n

Une partie tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressante du s\u00e9minaire \u00e9tait d\u00e9di\u00e9e au premier chapitre du livre\u00a0Information, A\u00a0<\/i>very<\/i>\u00a0short introduction\u00a0<\/i>par Luciano\u00a0Floridi. Ce chercheur et professeur \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Oxford s\u2019int\u00e9resse particuli\u00e8rement \u00e0 la philosophie et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9thique de l\u2019information.\u00a0Il participe \u00e0 des groupes de r\u00e9flexion au niveau international (p.ex.\u00a0au sujet du \u201cDroit \u00e0 l\u2019oubli\u201d sur Google<\/a>) et est\u00a0r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement interview\u00e9 dans les m\u00e9dias sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s ou grand public<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Le message de Luciano Floridi<\/h3>\n

Floridi\u00a0dit notamment que l\u2019usage de l\u2019information \u00e9volue depuis le d\u00e9but de la s\u00e9dentarisation des premiers humains : d\u2019abord on enregistrait simplement des informations (p.ex. une liste de b\u00e9tail sur un papyrus), puis on les communiquait (p.ex. la Bible de Gutenberg), et aujourd\u2019hui toute notre soci\u00e9t\u00e9 est construite autour de l\u2019\u00e9change et\u00a0de\u00a0l\u2019exploitation d\u2019informations. Pendant plusieurs mill\u00e9naires, cette \u00e9volution \u00e9tait plut\u00f4t lente et lin\u00e9aire. Mais depuis les premiers ordinateurs, il y a eu une croissance exponentielle du volume des donn\u00e9es trait\u00e9es et stock\u00e9es, et cela continue avec l\u2019\u00e9volution technologique de plus en plus rapide.<\/p>\n

D\u2019apr\u00e8s\u00a0Floridi, nous sommes en permanence entour\u00e9s par, et en interaction avec des informations : nous faisons partie de\u00a0l\u2019<\/i>infosph\u00e8re<\/i>. Celle-ci englobe tout endroit ou occasion o\u00f9 des informations sont transmises\u202f: une biblioth\u00e8que, un discours, une \u00e9mission\u00a0de\u00a0radio, un espace virtuel\u2026 En effet, selon\u00a0Floridi, sans interaction, la donn\u00e9e n\u2019existe pas. Il parle par cons\u00e9quent des\u00a0inforgs<\/i>\u00a0(informational<\/i>\u00a0<\/i>organisms<\/i>), qui peuvent \u00eatre des individus (humains ou non) ou des entit\u00e9s plus grandes\u202f: les familles, les entreprises, les gouvernements, ainsi que les bots, petits agents logiciels qui interviennent de mani\u00e8re plus ou moins autonome dans le web.<\/p>\n

Il est vrai que les outils technologiques d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es nous ont ouvert des possibilit\u00e9s quasi infinies de communication. Selon le contexte, c\u2019est pratique, ludique, instructif… ou parfois inqui\u00e9tant. Nous devons apprendre \u00e0 ma\u00eetriser les outils et trouver des parades aux abus potentiels,\u00a0parades\u00a0\u00e9thiques, l\u00e9gales, \u00e9ducatives, technologiques, etc.\u00a0Floridi\u00a0insiste donc sur l\u2019importance de cr\u00e9er un fondement philosophique pour cette soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019information, afin de comprendre ses implications sur les humains, mais aussi sur l\u2019environnement. De l\u00e0 devraient d\u00e9couler des normes \u00e9thiques, puis des lois et\u00a0des\u00a0r\u00e8glements afin d\u2019encadrer les technologies d\u2019information et de communication (TIC), entre autres pour \u00e9viter la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un foss\u00e9 num\u00e9rique.<\/p>\n

La quatri\u00e8me r\u00e9volution… ou pas ?!<\/h3>\n

En revanche, il est questionnable de qualifier l\u2019av\u00e8nement des TIC, comme\u00a0Floridi\u00a0le fait, comme \u201cquatri\u00e8me grande r\u00e9volution\u201d (nomm\u00e9e\u00a0Turing\u00a0<\/i>revolution<\/i>), la pla\u00e7ant dans la lign\u00e9e de Copernic, Darwin et Freud. Cette vision de quatre r\u00e9volutions est\u00a0d\u2019ailleurs\u00a0magnifiquement illustr\u00e9e dans ce film d\u2019animation<\/a>, produit par la BBC dans le cadre de son \u00e9mission \u201cA\u00a0history\u00a0of\u00a0ideas\u201d.<\/p>\n

\""<yoastmark\"<\/p>\n

En effet, le concept de changement de paradigme scientifique a \u00e9t\u00e9 introduit\u00a0d\u00e8s\u00a01962 par l\u2019Am\u00e9ricain Thomas S. Kuhn dans son ouvrage \u201cLa structure des r\u00e9volutions scientifiques\u201d : un domaine scientifique donn\u00e9 se trouve dans un \u00e9tat de \u201cscience normale\u201d tant que tous les acteurs adh\u00e8rent au m\u00eame point de vue. Mais avec le temps, des anomalies (\u00e9l\u00e9ments non compatibles) sont d\u00e9couvertes. Lorsqu\u2019elles deviennent trop nombreuses, la th\u00e9orie jusqu\u2019alors accept\u00e9e par la majorit\u00e9, est rejet\u00e9e au profit d\u2019une nouvelle th\u00e9orie scientifique.<\/p>\n

Mais cette d\u00e9finition ne s\u2019applique pas \u00e0 ce que nous sommes en train de vivre avec la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019information. Nous vivons une \u00e9volution, certes rapide \u2013 mais ce n\u2019est pas une r\u00e9volution. Les interactions et l\u2019\u00e9change d\u2019informations ont toujours jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rant dans les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s humaines<\/a>.\u00a0L\u2019homme est un animal social, comme disait d\u00e9j\u00e0 Aristote.\u00a0Sa capacit\u00e9\u00a0\u00e0\u00a0communiquer et\u00a0\u00e0\u00a0collaborer a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019un des moteurs de l\u2019\u00e9volution de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce humaine<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"Couverture
La science, vulgaris\u00e9e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Une \u00e9volution constante<\/h3>\n

Des d\u00e9fis technologiques, organisationnels et conceptuels nous attendent. M\u00eame si nous nous consid\u00e9rons comme\u00a0digital natives<\/i>, nous avons encore beaucoup \u00e0 apprendre sur les interactions entre informations, soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et technologies. L\u2019infosph\u00e8re\u00a0continuera \u00e0 \u00e9voluer et des nouveaux types d\u2019inforgs<\/i>\u00a0verront le jour. En tant que professionnel-le-s de l\u2019information, nous sommes parties\u00a0prenantes\u00a0de ce processus. Int\u00e9ressons-nous aussi aux implications philosophiques pour r\u00e9pondre au mieux aux besoins de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019information !<\/p>\n

Bibliographie<\/h2>\n

Citation Homme & Social.\u00a0Le Parisien : citation c\u00e9l\u00e8bre<\/i>\u00a0[en ligne].\u00a0Date de derni\u00e8re modification de la page inconnue.\u00a0[Consult\u00e9 le\u00a012\u00a0novembre 2018]. Disponible \u00e0 l\u2019adresse \u202f:\u00a0http:\/\/citation-celebre.leparisien.fr\/citations\/51976<\/a><\/p>\n

FLORIDI, Luciano, 2010. The information\u00a0revolution. In :\u00a0Information, A\u00a0<\/i>very<\/i>\u00a0short intro<\/i>d<\/i>uction<\/i>. New York : Oxford\u00a0University\u00a0Press,\u00a0pp. 3-18. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-955137-8<\/p>\n

FLORIDI, Luciano, 2018.\u00a0Luciano\u00a0<\/i>Floridi<\/i>\u00a0<\/i>[en ligne]. [Consult\u00e9 le\u00a012 novembre 2018]. Disponible \u00e0 l\u2019adresse \u202f:\u00a0http:\/\/www.philosophyofinformation.net<\/a><\/p>\n

LICHTSTEINER, Benno, 2015.\u00a0Sollen\u00a0Massenmedien\u00a0stets\u00a0\u201cneutral\u201d\u00a0sein?\u00a0NZZ<\/i>\u00a0[en ligne]. [Consult\u00e9 le 12 novembre 2018]. Disponible \u00e0 l\u2019adresse \u202f:\u00a0https:\/\/www.nzz.ch\/feuilleton\/sollen-massenmedien-stets-neutral-sein-1.18591932<\/a><\/p>\n

KUHN, Thomas S., 1962.\u00a0The<\/i>\u00a0structure\u00a0<\/i>of\u00a0<\/i>scientific<\/i>\u00a0<\/i>revolutions<\/i>.\u00a0Chicago :\u00a0University\u00a0of Chicago\u00a0Press. International\u00a0Encyclopedia\u00a0of\u00a0Unified\u00a0Science, 2. [Sans ISBN]\n

LALAND, Kevin, 2018. La culture, moteur de l\u2019\u00e9volution humaine.\u00a0Pour la science<\/i>\u00a0[en ligne]. [Consult\u00e9 le 12 novembre 2018]. Disponible \u00e0 l\u2019adresse \u202f:\u00a0https:\/\/www.pourlascience.fr\/sd\/anthropologie\/la-culture-moteur-de-levolution-humaine-15015.php<\/a>\u00a0[acc\u00e8s\u00a0par abonnement]\n

NGUYEN, Tuan C., 2018. The\u00a0Early\u00a0History\u00a0of Communication.\u00a0ThoughtCo.com\u00a0<\/i>[en ligne].\u00a0Derni\u00e8re modification de la page le\u00a030 septembre 2017.\u00a0[Consult\u00e9 le\u00a012 novembre 2018]. Disponible \u00e0 l\u2019adresse \u202f:\u00a0https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/early-history-of-communication-4067897<\/a><\/p>\n

WARBURTON, Nigel, 2015. The\u00a0Fourth\u00a0Revolution\u00a0[enregistrement vid\u00e9o].\u00a0BBC Radio 4, A\u00a0<\/i>History<\/i>\u00a0of\u00a0<\/i>Ideas<\/i>\u00a0[en ligne]. 28 janvier 2015. [Consult\u00e9 le 12 novembre 2018]. Disponible \u00e0 l\u2019adresse \u202f:\u00a0https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/programmes\/p02hvcjm<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Durant l\u2019automne 2018, les \u00e9tudiant-e-s en Master IS \u00e9laborent en petits groupes des s\u00e9minaires de 90 minutes, d\u00e9di\u00e9s \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes th\u00e9matiques en sciences de l\u2019information, pour les pr\u00e9senter \u00e0 leurs camarades, ainsi qu\u2019aux professeur-e-s (m\u00e9thode de la classe invers\u00e9e \/\u00a0flipped\u00a0classroom). … Lire la suite\u00ad\u00ad<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":29,"featured_media":258,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,12],"tags":[27,26,29,41,45],"class_list":["post-232","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-information-donnees","category-reflexion-is","tag-information","tag-luciano-floridi","tag-seminaire","tag-the-information-revolution","tag-thomas-s-kuhn"],"yoast_head":"\nRecherche d'Id\u00e9eS - Anna Hug Buffo - L'infosph\u00e8re, \u00e9volution ou r\u00e9volution<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Recherche d'Id\u00e9eS - 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