{"id":414,"date":"2019-01-18T08:00:02","date_gmt":"2019-01-18T08:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/?p=414"},"modified":"2019-02-26T10:36:49","modified_gmt":"2019-02-26T10:36:49","slug":"la-paleographie-digitale-au-service-du-paleographe-medieviste","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/la-paleographie-digitale-au-service-du-paleographe-medieviste\/","title":{"rendered":"La pal\u00e9ographie digitale au service du pal\u00e9ographe m\u00e9di\u00e9viste"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"
Un des 12 types d’\u00e9criture m\u00e9di\u00e9vale, https:\/\/oriflamms.hypotheses.org\/1388\/b2-half-uncial<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

La pal\u00e9ographie<\/a> est l\u2019\u00e9tude des \u00e9critures manuscrites anciennes et des modes de production et r\u00e9ception des objets inscrits. Elle permet d\u2019identifier, dater et localiser des \u00e9critures (Stutzmann 2017). La pal\u00e9ographie digitale quant \u00e0 elle utilise des logiciels informatiques, des intelligences artificielles (IA), pour analyser l\u2019\u00e9criture classique et m\u00e9di\u00e9vale (Smit 2011).<\/p>\n

A l\u2019issue de ses recherches sur les registres de la chancellerie des contes de Hollande (p\u00e9riode 1299-1345)<\/a>, l\u2019historienne m\u00e9di\u00e9viste n\u00e9erlandaise Jinna Smit<\/a> souhaite prouver de mani\u00e8re objective que son identification des diff\u00e9rentes \u00e9critures est correcte. Elle d\u00e9cide de v\u00e9rifier ses hypoth\u00e8ses gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019intelligence artificielle (IA) GIWIS, un syst\u00e8me automatique de reconnaissance d\u2019\u00e9criture, cr\u00e9\u00e9 par Alex Brink \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Groningen<\/a>. Apr\u00e8s avoir adapt\u00e9 l\u2019IA \u00e0 l\u2019analyse de documents m\u00e9di\u00e9vaux, la faisant outrepasser, par exemple, les d\u00e9chirures, trous et taches souvent pr\u00e9sentes, les textes sont introduits dans l\u2019IA pour mesurer la ressemblance des \u00e9critures. Selon Jinna Smit, les r\u00e9sultats sont concluants et encourageants, mais comportent des erreurs. Les experts restent indispensables. (Smit 2011)<\/p>\n

L\u2019utilisation de l\u2019IA afin de confirmer une hypoth\u00e8se en pal\u00e9ographie est int\u00e9ressante. Les conclusions des pal\u00e9ographes sont en effet parfois difficiles \u00e0 formaliser, partager ou \u00e9valuer, puisqu\u2019elles peuvent reposer sur leur intuition acquise par l\u2019exp\u00e9rience. Les pal\u00e9ographes pourraient donc voir en l\u2019IA un outil permettant de l\u00e9gitimer leur analyse tout autant que d’am\u00e9liorer leurs pratiques. (Kestemont et al. 2017)<\/p>\n

Actuellement, dans des projets mis en place par l\u2019Institut de recherche et d\u2019histoire des textes (IRHT)<\/a>, la reconnaissance correcte des mots par une intelligence artificielle d\u00e9passe les 80%. Le taux est tr\u00e8s prometteur, mais ne suffit de loin pas \u00e0 en faire une \u00e9dition (Stutzmann 2017).<\/p>\n

Les IA sont \u00e9galement capables de classifier les diff\u00e9rentes \u00e9critures manuscrites. L\u2019IRHT a organis\u00e9 en 2016 un concours<\/a>\u00a0dont l\u2019objectif \u00e9tait de cr\u00e9er des syst\u00e8mes pouvant r\u00e9partir des manuscrits latins, dat\u00e9s d\u2019entre 500 et 1600, en douze cat\u00e9gories d\u2019\u00e9criture (Stutzmann 2016).\u00a0Les participants ont entra\u00een\u00e9 leurs IA sur un corpus de 2\u2019000 images, pr\u00e9alablement cat\u00e9goris\u00e9es en ces 12 types d\u2019\u00e9criture par des pal\u00e9ographes (Kestemont et al. 2017). Ils ont ensuite d\u00fb tester leur IA sur un nouveau corpus de 1000 textes, m\u00e9connus par la machine. Aucun participant n\u2019est parvenu \u00e0 une classification parfaite. Cependant, les meilleurs ont obtenu plus de 83% de r\u00e9ponses justes (Stutzmann 2017).<\/p>\n

Une des principales limites de cette exp\u00e9rience est la simplification de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 par les organisateurs du concours afin de faire entrer un manuscrit dans une seule cat\u00e9gorie d\u2019\u00e9criture. Or, les manuscrits n\u2019appartiennent pas forc\u00e9ment uniquement \u00e0 un type d\u2019\u00e9criture, plusieurs types peuvent cohabiter dans un seul texte en raison de l\u2019\u00e9volution du style d\u2019\u00e9criture \u00e0 travers le temps.<\/p>\n

L\u2019utilisation d\u2019intelligences artificielles pour indexer, transcrire ou classifier les textes anciens devient indispensable. Les manuscrits m\u00e9di\u00e9vaux europ\u00e9ens contenus dans les biblioth\u00e8ques num\u00e9riques patrimoniales se comptent en dizaine de milliers (Stutzmann 2016). Souvent, les biblioth\u00e8ques num\u00e9riques comme Gallica<\/a> amassent des images num\u00e9ris\u00e9es, mais disposent de metadata<\/em>\u00a0incomplets ou p\u00e9rim\u00e9s (Kestemont et al. 2017). Employer des experts pour le faire co\u00fbterait trop cher et serait chronophage.<\/p>\n

Des progr\u00e8s technologiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 accomplis depuis le concours organis\u00e9 par l\u2019IRHT de 2016. Cependant, les manuscrits m\u00e9di\u00e9vaux restent particuli\u00e8rement difficiles \u00e0 d\u00e9coder pour les IA. Elles peinent encore \u00e0 analyser les nombreuses abr\u00e9viations, les diff\u00e9rentes graphies et la coexistence de diff\u00e9rents types d’\u00e9criture au sein d\u2019un m\u00eame texte (Stutzmann 2017).<\/p>\n

Bibliographie<\/h2>\n

KESTEMONT, Mike, CHRISTLEIN, Vincent et STUTZMANN, Dominique, 2017. \u00ab\u00a0Artificial paleography\u00a0: computational approaches to identifying script types in medieval manuscripts \u00bb. Speculum<\/em>, Cambridge University Presse<\/em>[en ligne]. Octobre 2017. Vol. 92, pp. 86-109, [Consult\u00e9 le 8 d\u00e9cembre 2018]. Disponible \u00e0 l\u2019adresse\u00a0: https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-01854939<\/a><\/p>\n

SMIT, Jinna, 2011.\u00abThe\u00a0Death\u00a0of the Palaeographer? Experiences with the Groningen Intelligent Writer Identification System (GIWIS)\u00bb. Archiv f\u00fcr Diplomatik<\/em>. 2011. Vol. 57, pp.413-426. 0066-6297<\/p>\n

STUTZMANN, Dominique, 2016. \u00c9critures m\u00e9di\u00e9vales et outils num\u00e9riques<\/em>[en ligne]. 18 F\u00e9vrier 2016. [Consult\u00e9 le 9 d\u00e9cembre 2018]. Disponible \u00e0 l\u2019adresse\u00a0: https:\/\/oriflamms.hypotheses.org\/1388<\/a><\/p>\n

STUTZMANN, Dominique, 2017. \u00ab\u00a0Pal\u00e9ographie\u00a0: la r\u00e9volution num\u00e9rique\u00a0\u00bb. L\u2019Histoire <\/em>[en ligne]. Septembre 2017. [Consult\u00e9 le 8 d\u00e9cembre 2017]. Disponible \u00e0 l\u2019adresse\u00a0:https:\/\/www.lhistoire.fr\/irht-dans-le-secret-des-manuscrits\/pal\u00e9ographie-la-r\u00e9volution-num\u00e9rique<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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