{"id":5363,"date":"2024-12-16T20:04:14","date_gmt":"2024-12-16T20:04:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/?p=5363"},"modified":"2024-12-16T20:04:14","modified_gmt":"2024-12-16T20:04:14","slug":"vanishing-amp-exploding-gradients-aladdin-et-le-telephone-arabe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/vanishing-amp-exploding-gradients-aladdin-et-le-telephone-arabe\/","title":{"rendered":"Vanishing &amp; Exploding Gradients &#8211; Aladdin et le t\u00e9l\u00e9phone arabe"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"5363\" class=\"elementor elementor-5363\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-07980be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"07980be\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4fe5ad2\" data-id=\"4fe5ad2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2c88632 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2c88632\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1bc05d\" data-id=\"a1bc05d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e437c7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e437c7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/TELEPHON-2-768x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-5366\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/TELEPHON-2-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/TELEPHON-2-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/TELEPHON-2-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/TELEPHON-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/TELEPHON-2-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/TELEPHON-2-730x730.jpg 730w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/TELEPHON-2-365x365.jpg 365w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/TELEPHON-2.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Le t\u00e9l\u00e9phone arabe et autres expressions colonialistes (Chinese whispers, bush telegraph...) d\u00e9signent la d\u00e9formation d\u2019informations orales par le bouche-\u00e0-oreille. (G\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 via ChatGPT le 2 d\u00e9cembre 2024).<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eba5f32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eba5f32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div>\n\n<span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Il \u00e9tait une fois, il y a bien longtemps de cela, un pays imaginaire o\u00f9 les hautes \u00e9coles ne s\u2019honoraient gu\u00e8re des larges talents p\u00e9dagogiques dont s\u2019enorgueillit aujourd&#8217;hui notre institution. Nous t\u2019y transportons comme par magie, dans un cours de Neural Advanced Network. Pour tromper l\u2019ennui, tu entreprends de chuchoter un conte des 1001 Nuits \u00e0 la derni\u00e8re de tes petits camarades de la rang\u00e9e du fond, Tinou. Entre vous, trois copains que nous appellerons, par convenance, Olivier, Sophie et Alexandra. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">\n<\/span>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 15.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Et tu commences\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 15.0pt\"><i><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Il \u00e9tait une\nfois \u2013 derechef \u2013 dans une cit\u00e9 mythique du monde arabo-musulman, un jeune\nhomme pauvre qui avait aper\u00e7u la fille du roi et en \u00e9tait tomb\u00e9 amoureux\u2026<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 15.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Et la voix du\nsavoir de marteler, sans r\u00e9pit\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Le <b>deep learning<\/b>,<i> <\/i>consiste\n\u00e0 apprendre \u00e0 un r\u00e9seau de neurones artificiels \u00e0 faire des pr\u00e9dictions. Le\nr\u00e9seau, multicouche, comporte les neurones d\u2019entr\u00e9e avec les donn\u00e9es\nd\u2019apprentissage (<b>input<\/b>), les couches <b>cach\u00e9es <\/b>(l\u2019espace latent o\u00f9\nles neurones d\u00e9composent les informations en caract\u00e9ristiques) et la sortie (<b>output<\/b>).\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Toujours aussi soporifique\u00a0? Viens. Nous allons enseigner les\ncontes des 1001 Nuits \u00e0 la Machine. En input, tu ins\u00e8res Aladdin (<b>forward\npass<\/b>). Olivier, Sophie et Alexandra (couche cach\u00e9e) le d\u00e9composent et\nidentifient progressivement ses caract\u00e9ristiques. Ils transmettent l\u2019histoire \u00e0\nTinou (sortie).<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0439835 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0439835\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7bca0e1\" data-id=\"7bca0e1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5779c7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5779c7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/SCHEMA-NEURONES-1-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-5382\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/SCHEMA-NEURONES-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/SCHEMA-NEURONES-1-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/SCHEMA-NEURONES-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/SCHEMA-NEURONES-1-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/SCHEMA-NEURONES-1-1536x1536.png 1536w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/SCHEMA-NEURONES-1.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2915cc7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2915cc7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a56960f\" data-id=\"a56960f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f578db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f578db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Si celle-ci s\u2019exclame \u00ab\u00a0C\u2019est le conte d\u2019Ali Baba\u00a0!\u00a0\u00bb, c&#8217;est que le <i>bush telegraph,<\/i> ou t\u00e9l\u00e9phone arabe, a distordu son output. Il te faut mesurer son erreur et faire demi-tour. Remonte les couches pour ajuster le poids des informations transmises par chacun des trois copains pr\u00e9cit\u00e9s.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d8119a elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6d8119a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/U-TURN-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-5392\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/U-TURN-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/U-TURN-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/U-TURN-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/U-TURN-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/U-TURN-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/U-TURN.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">G\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 via ChatGPT le 3 d\u00e9cembre 2024.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d7d995 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d7d995\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3ef96e\" data-id=\"d3ef96e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8d66e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f8d66e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vanishing Gradients<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1bb8140 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1bb8140\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2737b0c\" data-id=\"2737b0c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d95eb2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d95eb2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-top: 6.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 12.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Dans un r\u00e9seau tr\u00e8s profond (avec beaucoup de couches), certaines informations se perdent en remontant. Lorsqu\u2019elles arrivent \u00e0 la sortie, il n\u2019y a presque plus rien \u00e0 corriger. Le r\u00e9seau \u00ab&nbsp;oublie&nbsp;\u00bb les premi\u00e8res \u00e9tapes. <\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0cm\" type=\"disc\">\n<li style=\"margin-top: 6.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 12.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Tu contes le r\u00e9cit d\u2019Aladdin \u00e0 l\u2019oreille de Sophie&nbsp;: <i>Il y avait une fois, dans une cit\u00e9 du monde arabo-musulman du XIIe si\u00e8cle, un jeune homme pauvre qui avait aper\u00e7u la fille du roi et en \u00e9tait tomb\u00e9 amoureux.<\/i><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 6.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 12.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Sophie le transmet \u00e0 Olivier et \u00e0 Alexandra : &#8220;Il y avait une <i>fois dans une cit\u00e9 du monde [<s>arabe&#8230;<\/s>], un jeune homme pauvre qui avait aper\u00e7u la fille du roi et en \u00e9tait tomb\u00e9 amoureux.<\/i><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 6.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 12.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Olivier \u00e0 Tinou&nbsp;: \u00ab&nbsp;Il y avait une <i>fois [<s>\u2026<\/s>] un jeune homme pauvre qui avait aper\u00e7u une fille [<s>de roi<\/s>] et en \u00e9tait tomb\u00e9 amoureux.<\/i><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 6.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 12.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Alexandra \u00e0 Tinou&nbsp;: \u00ab&nbsp;Il y avait une <i>fois [<s>\u2026<\/s>] un jeune homme [<s>pauvre]<\/s> qui avait aper\u00e7u une fille [<s>\u2026<\/s>] et en \u00e9tait tomb\u00e9 amoureux.<\/i><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 6.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 12.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Sophie a omis le contexte historique, Olivier, le statut de la jeune fille et Alexandra, le milieu social d\u2019Aladdin. Tinou a produit une approximation statistique des versions d\u2019Aladdin o\u00f9 celui-ci pourrait bien se retrouver en costume de tweed dans les fifties avec une belle en robe de gala.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-29727e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"29727e0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d5af0b2\" data-id=\"d5af0b2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a089441 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a089441\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/STARS-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-5372\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/STARS-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/STARS-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/STARS-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/STARS-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/STARS-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/STARS.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">G\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 via ChatGPT le 2 d\u00e9cembre 2024.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9a82d04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9a82d04\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5fdb343\" data-id=\"5fdb343\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6691068 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6691068\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Exploding Gradients<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d739c10 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d739c10\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1d7106b\" data-id=\"1d7106b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfff251 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cfff251\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 6.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 12.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">C\u2019est l\u2019inverse&nbsp;: les informations prennent <\/span><b><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">plus en plus de poids<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\"> en remontant les couches.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-top: 0cm\" type=\"disc\">\n<li style=\"margin-top: 6.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 12.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Tu contes \u00e0 l\u2019oreille de Sophie&nbsp;: <i>Aladdin, qui avait du g\u00e9nie, eut l\u2019id\u00e9e de frotter la lampe. Un djinn (un g\u00e9nie) en sortit, lui proposant d\u2019exaucer t<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\"><i>rois de ses v\u0153ux.<\/i><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 6.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 12.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Sophie transmet \u00e0 Olivier et Alexandra&nbsp;: &#8220;<i> Aladdin, qui avait du g\u00e9nie, eut l\u2019id\u00e9e de frotter la lampe et un djinn <b>imposant <\/b>en sortit, lui proposant d\u2019exaucer&#8230;<\/i><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 6.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 12.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Olivier \u00e0 Tinou&nbsp;: \u00ab&nbsp;<i>Aladdin, qui avait <b>emport\u00e9 du G\u00e9nie<\/b>, eut l\u2019id\u00e9e de frotter la lampe et un <b>tr\u00e8s grand g\u00e9nie<\/b> en sortit, qui lui proposa d\u2019exaucer&#8230; <\/i><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 6.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 12.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Alexandra \u00e0 Tinou&nbsp;: <i>Aladdin, qui avait <b>emport\u00e9 du G\u00e9nie<\/b>, eut l\u2019id\u00e9e de frotter la lampe et <b>l\u2019un des plus grands g\u00e9nies de l\u2019histoire<\/b> en sortit, lui proposant d\u2019exaucer&#8230;<\/i><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 6.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 12.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Sophie a donn\u00e9 du poids au djinn (g\u00e9nie en arabe). Olivier, soucieux qu\u2019il est de ses lainages, a introduit un biais de contexte en confondant le g\u00e9nie avec une lessive. Alexandra, toujours admiratrice des grands humanistes, a un peu trop insist\u00e9 sur l\u2019ampleur du g\u00e9nie. Le g\u00e9nie p\u00e8se trop lourd dans ce r\u00e9seau.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f5a13a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f5a13a2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b0de197\" data-id=\"b0de197\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-daa7697 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"daa7697\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/DOUBLES-GENIES-768x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-5376\" alt=\"Aladdin tenant une lessive dans une main et la poup\u00e9e d&#039;Einstein dans l&#039;autre.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/DOUBLES-GENIES-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/DOUBLES-GENIES-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/DOUBLES-GENIES-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/DOUBLES-GENIES-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/DOUBLES-GENIES-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/DOUBLES-GENIES.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">G\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 via ChatGPT le 2 d\u00e9ecembre 2024.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-af38d6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"af38d6f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6aa4746\" data-id=\"6aa4746\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e02417d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e02417d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><br>Une histoire d'amour...<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b25cffd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b25cffd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb5d95d\" data-id=\"cb5d95d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6781cf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6781cf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/DEUX-AMOUREUX-2-1024x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5377\" alt=\"Deux hommes amoureux sur un tapis volant.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/DEUX-AMOUREUX-2-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/DEUX-AMOUREUX-2-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/DEUX-AMOUREUX-2-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/DEUX-AMOUREUX-2-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/DEUX-AMOUREUX-2-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/DEUX-AMOUREUX-2.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">G\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 - \u00e0 grand peine - via ChatGPT le 4 d\u00e9cembre 2024.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b031cf6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b031cf6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2644b6a\" data-id=\"2644b6a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5b9c77 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5b9c77\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f22861\" data-id=\"2f22861\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0702e8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0702e8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 15.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">NdA\u00a0: les strat\u00e9gies d\u2019apprentissage oniriques pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es ici n\u2019engagent que leur auteur. Il est recommand\u00e9 de r\u00e9viser r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement et d\u2019\u00e9couter attentivement en classe.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3bc0c8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3bc0c8d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d9f1cac\" data-id=\"d9f1cac\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1aaa34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c1aaa34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliographie<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b03c45 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b03c45\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a9f30bf\" data-id=\"a9f30bf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e5c627 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e5c627\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 15.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">IBM. Qu\u2019est-ce qu\u2019un r\u00e9seau neuronal r\u00e9current (RNN) ?. <i>IBM topics. <\/i><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/fr-fr\/topics\/recurrent-neural-networks\"><i><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/fr-fr\/topics\/recurrent-neural-networks<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\"> [consult\u00e9 le 4 d\u00e9cembre 2024].<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 15.0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">DEEP AI, Inc. Exploding Gradient Problem. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">DeepAI.org (glossaire). <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/deepai.org\/machine-learning-glossary-and-terms\/exploding-gradient-problem\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">https:\/\/deepai.org\/machine-learning-glossary-and-terms\/exploding-gradient-problem<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\"> [consult\u00e9 le 4 d\u00e9cembre 2024].<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 15.0pt\"><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">DEEPLIZARD, 2018. Vanishing &amp; Exploding Gradient explained | A problem resulting from backpropagation. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">23 mars 2018. Disponible \u00e0 l\u2019adresse\u00a0: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qO_NLVjD6zE\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qO_NLVjD6zE<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\"> [consult\u00e9 le 4 d\u00e9cembre 2024].<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt;text-align: justify;line-height: 15.0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Pour aller plus loin: ZUCCHET, Nicolas &amp; ORVIETO, Antonio, 2024. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">Recurrent neural networks: vanishing and exploding gradients are not the end of the story. <i>arXiv <\/i>[en ligne]. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">5 novembre 2024. 40 pages. DOI\u00a0: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2405.21064\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;font-family: Helvetica\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2405.21064<\/span><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le t\u00e9l\u00e9phone arabe et autres expressions colonialistes (Chinese whispers, bush telegraph&#8230;) d\u00e9signent la d\u00e9formation d\u2019informations orales par le bouche-\u00e0-oreille. (G\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 via ChatGPT le 2 d\u00e9cembre 2024). Il \u00e9tait une fois, il y a bien longtemps de cela, un pays imaginaire &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/vanishing-amp-exploding-gradients-aladdin-et-le-telephone-arabe\/\">Lire la suite\u00ad\u00ad<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":150,"featured_media":5366,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5363","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Vanishing &amp; Exploding Gradients - Aladdin et le t\u00e9l\u00e9phone arabe - Recherche d&#039;Id\u00e9eS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/campus.hesge.ch\/blog-master-is\/vanishing-amp-exploding-gradients-aladdin-et-le-telephone-arabe\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vanishing &amp; Exploding Gradients - Aladdin et le t\u00e9l\u00e9phone arabe - Recherche d&#039;Id\u00e9eS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le t\u00e9l\u00e9phone arabe et autres expressions colonialistes (Chinese whispers, bush telegraph&#8230;) d\u00e9signent la d\u00e9formation d\u2019informations orales par le bouche-\u00e0-oreille. 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